The mini mental adjustment to cancer scale mini mac is widely used to evaluate cancer patients psychological responses. The factorial validation of the mini mac the mental adjustment to cancer scale, that measures mental adjustment to cancer, is investigated. The mental adjustment to cancer mac scale has been completed by 235 patients with various types and stages of cancer. The portuguese version of mini mental adjustment to cancer mini mac scale shows good psychometric properties, justifying its use in research and clinical practice in order to study and evaluate the mental adjustment of patients with cancer receiving palliative care in.
These measures differ considerably in their format and content and, thus, present researchers with. The widely used mental adjustment to cancer mac scale was designed to measure fighting spirit fs, anxious preoccupation ap, helplesshopelessness hh and fatalism. The aim was to develop a self rating questionnaire acceptable to cancer patients, which could be administered easily during busy oncology clinics. The present study examines the factor structure and psychometric properties of the mini mental adjustment to cancer scale mini mac in a sample of iranian adults who suffer from cancer. Validation studies of the scale have shown inconsistency in the obtained factor structures. Rasch analysis of the minimental adjustment to cancer scale mini. This short booklet describes a standardised version of this test and shows how physicians and other health care professionals can use and interpret it. Subsequently, a selfrating questionnairethe mac mental adjustment to cancer scale was developed to measure these categories of adjustment. The mini mac contains 29 items and the psychometric properties of the mini mac have proved satisfactory 31.
Adjustment disorders description an adjustment disorder is a severe behavioral response to a stressful event or variation in an individuals life that is a more serious response to the event or change than would be expected given the situation. Symptoms such as depression, anxiety, or other emotional, social, or behavioral problems occur and worsen the persons quality of life. Initial validation of the minimental adjustment to cancer. Each section of the test involves a related series of questions or commands. It tests the individuals orientation, attention, calculation, recall, language and motor skills. The mental adjustment to cancer mac scale was designed to provide a method of assessing specific responses to cancer. Use of the minimac scale in the evaluation of mental adjustment to. All negative emotions, stress, and mental burden affect the medical staff, too.
Oxfordshire community stroke project classification bamford scandinavian stroke scale. A sample of 225 women diagnosed with breast cancer completed this questionnaire. The mini mental is the most widely used screening test of mental function in this age group. Mac mental adjustment to cancer scale in medical by. Mental adjustment to cancer and its relation to anxiety, depression, hrql and survival in patients with laryngeal cancer a longitudinal study. Assessing cancer patients quality of life and supportive. The minimental state examination jama psychiatry jama. Mental adjustment to cancer has been explored in a large body of the literature by using the mental adjustment to cancer mac scale. A heterogeneous group of 573 cancer patients completed a questionnaire containing the mac scale and an additional 26item research scale. The mental adjustment to cancer mac scale is one of the most widely used instruments to. Mini mental adjustment to cancer mini mac scale, which measures the degree of mental adjustment to disease. Correct and timely detection of needs throughout the different stages of the care trajectory is crucial and can be supported by the use of screening and assessment in a stepped. Shock, fear, helplessness, or horror can be felt by cancer patients and lead to cancer related posttraumatic stress. Pdf mental adjustment to cancer scale researchgate.
The minimental adjustment to cancer scale minimac is a 29 item instrument designed to evaluate the responses developed by cancer patients. This investigation is a greek validation of the mini. Avi besser, department of behavioral sciences and the center for research in. The minimental adjustment to cancer scale mini mac is a wellrecognised, popular measure of coping in psychooncology and assesses five cancer specific coping strategies. Assessing quality of life in adult cancer survivors qlacs. This paper describes a study of cancer patients characteristics and social support factors as predictors of the patients responses to having cancer. This short booklet describes some uses that they may not be aware of previously. Reliability of a standardized minimental state examination compared with the traditional mini mental state examination. Development of a questionnaire measure of adjustment to.
Mental adjustment to cancer macs scale oxford clinical. Rasch analysis of the mini mental adjustment to cancer scale mini mac among a heterogeneous sample of longterm cancer survivors. They provide a consistent approach to testing for the presence or absence of a disorder and help patients receive effective treatment. Assess the persons ability to hear and understand very simple. However, little is known about the association between patients mental adjustment to cancer and their spouses characteristics or social support network. The mental adjustment to cancer mac scale was developed by watson et al.
The prevalence of cancer increases every year, leading to a growing population of patients and survivors in need for care. It is easily understood by, and acceptable to, patients. The degree of adaptation to cancer was evaluated with the use of the mini mental adjustment to cancer mini mac scale. Predictors of patients mental adjustment to cancer. Mental adjustment and healthrelated quality of life in. Selfcriticism, neediness, and distress among women. The modified mini mental state mmms, or 3ms test extends the scope of the mini mental state. Items were based on a small number of cancer survivors. It produces a score that can be used to follow the course of patients or as a case detection technique after cutoff scores are established.
Cancer related posttraumatic stress can occur any time from diagnosis to after treatment ends. Patient mental adjustment to selected types of cancer. The minimental state examination was designed as a clinical method for grading cognitive impairment. Adjustment disorder a condition in which a person has a lot of trouble making changes in his or her life to manage a stressful event such as a cancer diagnosis. Problems in the factor structure of the scale and the need for refining the instrument have determined the development of the mini mac. The findings further emphasize the importance of adapting the information given and rehabilitation options to each individual patient. World federation of neurological surgeons grading system for subarachnoid hemorrhage scale. The medical acronym abbreviationslang mac means mental adjustment to cancer scale. Standardized minimental state examination smmse 822221 nov 2911 page 1 of 4 directions for administration of the ssmse. Rasch analysis of the minimental adjustment to cancer. The minimental adjustment to cancer scale minimac is a wellrecognised, popular.
Validation studies of the scale have shown methodological shortcomings and inconsistency in the factor solutions. The mini mac questionnaire includes 29 statements allowing the. Recent evidence demonstrates adequate convergent validity but inconsistent internal consistency and. Use of the minimac scale in the evaluation of mental. It has been suggested that these five subscales could be grouped to form the overarching adaptive and maladptive coping subscales to facilitate the interpretation and. After semantic validation, the scale was applied to a. The minimental status examination offers a quick and simple way to quantify cognitive function and screen for cognitive loss. The mini mental adjustment to cancer scale minimac is widely used to evaluate cancer patients psychological responses to diagnosis and treatment. Maladaptive strategies of coping with such difficult situations may. Recent evidence demonstrates adequate convergent validity but inconsistent internal consistency and factor structure. Pdf rasch analysis of the minimental adjustment to. This paper describes the development of a selfrating scale to measure adjustment to cancer. The 2nd edition of the mini mental state examination mmse2 is a useful screening tool for cognitive impairment in adults. Mental adjustment to cancer and its relation to anxiety.
Psychometric properties of the chinese version of the mini mental adjustment to cancer mini mac scale. The five subscales from the original mini mac anxious preoccupation, helplesshopeless, fighting spirit, fatalism, cognitive avoidance had acceptable internal reliabilities. All intext references underlined in blue are added to the original document. Please circle the appropriate number to the right of each statement, indicating how far it applies to you at present. Problems in the factor structure of the scale and the need for refining the instrument have determined the development of the minimac. Populationbased norms for the minimental state examination by age and educational level. Validation of the scale was based on survivors ranging from 4 months to 28 years. Initial validation of the minimental adjustment to cancer minimac. Before the questionnaire is administered, try to get the person to sit down facing you. Use of the mini mac scale in the evaluation of mental adjustment to cancer 415 must face pain, suffering, persistent stress, and the need to make difficult decisions. The aim of this study was to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of the mini mac.
Screening tools used appropriately as part of a broader assessment, screening tools give clinicians a common language and objective metric. Mental adjustment to cancer scale is designed to assess psychological responses to cancer diagnosis and is widely used in research and clinical practice. The present study extended and refined the scope of the mental adjustment to cancer mac scale, a selfreport measure designed to give a rapid assessment of coping style. Development of a questionnaire measure of adjustment to cancer. We report here a validation study of the mac scale. The psychometric properties of a chinese version of the mini mental adjustment to cancer scale mini mac were examined among 115 chinese cancer patients in hong kong. The object of the study was to examine the factor structure and the psychometric properties of the mini mental adjustment to cancer scale mini mac among a large sample of norwegian breast cancer. Fiftyfour consecutively referred patients with various cancers were given the mac scale. Assessment of adjustment of patients in cancer treatment trials is becoming more common and increasingly regarded as a useful outcome measure. Teng prefers to call the scale a test to distinguish it from other investigations such as neurological or physical examinations dr.
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